Chapter+10


 * //Chapter Ten

Transition from last chapter during the title page?//**

The Directory and Rise of Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He was the second of seven children. His original birth name was Napoleone di Buonaparte but they later changed the name to Napoléon Bonaparte in order to sound more French. The Bonapartes were part of the high social class in Corsica and raised young Napoleon with a solid education. Napoleons father, Carlo Buonaparte, was an attorney that was named Corsica’s representative to the court of Louis XVI in 1777. Napoleon Bonaparte was raised Catholic and had his baptism right before his second birthday. In January, 1799 Napoleon was enrolled at a religious school in Autun, France, where he was to learn the French language. He spoke with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell properly. Napoleon was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to study. In 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the elite Ecole Militaire to become an officer in the French army. He studied artillery and had to quickly complete the two-year course in one year, when his father's death reduced his income. In September 1785, Napoleon graduated with flying colors and was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fere artillery regiment. - Chris Snyder

Chris Napoleon spent the early years of the revolution in Corsica amidst a three-way struggle between royalists, revolutionaries, and nationalists. He supported the Jacobins and was given the rank of Lieutenant Colonel of a battalion of volunteers. It is unsure, however, how he was able to convince military authorities in Paris to promote him to Captain in July 1792 after he exceeded his leave of absense and headed a riot against a French army in Corsica. When he returned to Corsica, he came into conflict with Pasquale Paoli. Paoli had split with France and sabotaged a French assault that Bonaparte was leading. He and his family had to flee to France in June 1793 due to the conflict with Paoli. In July, he published a pro-republican pamphlet called Le Souper de Beaucaire. This gained him the admiration and support of Augustin Robespierre, who was the brother of Maximilien Robespierre. Bonaparte was appointed the artillery commander at the siege of Toulon. The city had risen in revolt against the republican government and was occupied my British troops. Due to his expert military tactics during the siege, the city was recaptured and Bonaparte was promoted to Brigadier General. On October 5th, 1795, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention after they were excluded from a new goverment, called the Directory. Once again due to his known military expertise, Bonaparte was given command of the forces that were defending the convention. He knew that artillery would be the key to defending the palace. He ordered the men to seize big guns and used them to repel the attackers. This event is known as the 13 Vendemiaire. Defeating the Royalist rebellion earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and patronage of the new Directory. Bonaparte was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy. -Evan Rosenberg


 * //Good//**
 * //Did he support the Jacobins in 1789 or after they came to power in the Second Revolution on August 10, 1792?//**

Napolean's campaigns "I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last." __[__

Several days after Napoleon was married he left Paris to take control of Italy. At the Battle of Lodi he defeated the Austrian forces and drove them out of Lombardy. However he was defeated by the Austrians led by Jozsef Alvinczi at Caldiero. He regained the initiative at the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole and continued to take over the papal states. In March 1797, Bonaparte led his army into Austria and forced it to sue for peace. Then the Treaty of Leoben gave France the control of northern Italy and the Low Countries. Then Bonaparte marched into Venice and forced them to surrender. In this campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons and 170 standards. Bonaparte offered the Austrians peace with the Treaty of Campo Formio and returned to Paris a conquering hero.

and forced it to sue **//forced "them" or "the Austrians" to sue for peace How did the Italian campaign influence his popularity?//**
 * //When did he invade Italy? What was the goal? Was the marriage a part of the campaign?//**

**"I hope...I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of the Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness." ** After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided France's naval power wasn’t strong enough to attack the Royal Navy in the English Channel and **instead he** made a military expedition to seize Egypt and take over Britain's access to its trading interests in India. Before departing ??? Bonaparte was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. **On his Egyptian expedition he took** a group of 167 scientists, mathematicians, naturalists, chemists and geodesers with them. Their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone and their work was published in the //Description of Egypt// in 1809. Bonaparte made proclamations that **elected him ??** a liberator of the **Ottoman oppression???**. Bonaparte fought the Battle of Chobrakit against the Mamluks. This helped the French plan their attack in the Battle of the Pyramids fought over a week later, about 6 km from the pyramids. However the British led by Horatio Nelson captured and destroyed two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile. **Why was this important??** After this Bonaparte moved his troops into the Ottoman province of Damascus. He attacked four major costal towns Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. When returning to Egypt many of the men fell ill of the plague and died from there wounds. He ordered the men to be poisioned for a faster death. Back in Egypt, on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir. //**Clean this up. You have some awkward phrases. It will be hard to read. Was the Egyptian campaign a success? Why didn't news of Egypt turn the French people against Napoleon? How did he get back to France?**// Morgan Clark

Midway through the Egypt Campaign, Bonaparte returned to France. He had kept up with European affairs and learned that France had been defeated on several occasions in the War of the Second Coalition. Once back in France, Bonaparte was approached by one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for his support in a coup to overthrow the Republic. As result of the coup Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos were named provisional Consuls to administer the government. Though Sieyès was expected to dominate the new regime, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte and became First Consul. As a result Bonaparte became the most powerful person in France. As napoleons power grew he faced conspiracies mean to overthrow and assassinate him. In January 1804, the Bourbon, former rulers of France, were found to have made an assassination plan against him. Once having knowledge of this, Napoleon used the plot to justify the re-establishment of a hereditary monarchy in France. This way, the Bourbon empire would be impossible to restore. 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris, Napoleon literally crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I. -teagan hinderliter


 * //Teagan//**

"Meant" to overthrow ??? Bourbon dynasty, not empire "On" December 2, 1804???//**
 * //Explain how he manipulated the news from Egypt so the French people did not know it was a failure.//****//Bonaparte became First Consul. Right???